( 1 ) The amount of banana applied
According to foreign research, each year of fragrant banana leaves requires 150.5 grams of nitrogen , 40.7 grams of phosphorus and 561 grams of potassium . However, plants can only absorb a part of the fertilizer, of which nitrogen accounts for 50 % of the amount of fertilizer (also called 1/4 ), potassium accounts for 50 % of the amount of fertilizer, and phosphorus accounts for only 20 % to 30 % of the amount of fertilizer , that is to say, The applied nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are lost from 50 % to 80 % or fixed by the soil. Therefore, the amount of fertilizer applied should include the total amount of plant absorption and loss or fixation. To determine the reasonable amount of fertilizer applied to the park, local climatic conditions must also be considered. The soil structure and fertility of the park, as well as the water supply status, production targets (ie, unit area yield, single-crop or multi-cast banana cultivation, new planting or perennial), planting density, variety type, management level and other factors. For example, Hainan Province should apply less fertilizer than Guangxi, and potassium fertilizer should be applied to soils with potassium deficiency. The high-yield and high-quality fertilization level must be higher than that of general production. The deep application of deep-pitching should be less than that of Sasha. Banana Garden in the Pearl River Delta of Guangdong. When the output is to reach 30,000 to 45,000 kilograms per hectare ( 2000 to 3000 kilograms per mu ), it is required to apply 518 to 823 grams of nitrogen per year , 186 to 297 grams of phosphorus , and 750 to 1185 grams of potassium .
In order to make the fertilization scientific and reasonable, that is, to meet the needs of banana growth and development and the requirements of production targets, and not to waste more fertilizer, it is best to carry out nutrient analysis and soil nutrient analysis of banana leaves, and guide the fertilization according to the analysis results. How much, reasonable to supplement the insufficient part.
( 2 ) Three-factor ratio of fertilizer for banana
Different ratios of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in fertilizers will affect the absorption and growth of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in bananas. The author integrates the experience of banana formula fertilization in Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Taiwan and other provinces in recent years, and believes that the fertilization effect is good. The ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium should be 1 : 0.2 ~ 0.5 : 1.1 ~ 2.0 to determine the banana The reasonable ratio of the three elements of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium should also be as follows:
1 According to the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil of the garden, especially the content of potassium, the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium; the soil is rich in potassium (exchangeable potassium is more than 0.06% ) should be 1 : 0.3 : 0.5 , rich in potassium (exchangeable potassium 0.025 % ~ 0.059 %) should be 1 : 0.3 : 1 , medium potassium (exchangeable potassium 0.015 % ~ 0.0249 %) should be 1 : 0.3 : 1.1 ~ 1.3 , the low potassium content (exchangeable potassium 0.0075% ~ 0.0149% ) should be 1 : 0.3 : 1.4 ~ 1.7 , low potassium (exchangeable potassium only 0.0075 % or less) should be l : 0.3 : 1.8 ~ 2.0 .
2 must be based on the different growth stages of the banana. According to the analysis of Guinea in Africa, the ratio of nitrogen to potassium in the early stage of flower bud differentiation is 1 : 1.35 ~ 1.6 , and the ratio of flower bud differentiation is 1 : 1.5 ~ 1.7 . The ratio of above or below is not conducive to the growth and development of banana.
( 3 ) The important fertilization period of banana
The demand for nutrients in bananas generally increases with increasing leaf length. The growth and development of bananas in the 18 to 40 leaf stage plays a decisive role in the yield and quality of bananas, so this period is an important fertilization period for bananas. This period can be divided into two periods of heavy application in the middle and late stages of vegetative growth and flower bud differentiation. Most of the fertilizer should be concentrated in these two periods.
1 The middle and late stages of vegetative growth ( 18 to 29 leaf stage), that is, 3 to 5 months after the planting of the spring planting banana , 5 to 9 months after the summer and autumn planting of the banana and the planting of the bamboo shoots . See the leaf, immediately drawn by the middle of this period (when just withdrawn this new leaves mostly shaped curvature Sansevieria) to enter the big leaves 1 ~ 2. This period is in the vegetative growth period, the nutrient requirements are very strong, the reaction is the most sensitive, the growth and development of the banana plant is good or bad, determined by the abundant supply of fertilizer . If the heavy fertilizer is applied at this time, the banana plant can get sufficient nutrients. The long and thick leaves of the banana plant with high stems and high-efficiency assimilation, accumulate a large amount of organic matter, and lay a good foundation for the next stage of flower bud differentiation.
2 flower bud differentiation period ( 30 to 40 leaf stage), that is, 5 to 7 months after planting of spring planting bananas, after summer and autumn planting of bananas and after planting of bamboo shoots, 9 to 11 months after shooting, from the leaf shape, this period is pumping large leaf 1 to 2 to a short circular spade leaf, leaves began to turn away from the very sparse dense, slow speed of the rotary lobe pump; see from the stem, to the thickest pseudostem development, corms (banana head) starts on an open ground It is in the form of an altar; from the perspective of sucking buds, it has entered the period of sucking buds. This time period is in the process of flower bud reproductive growth, requires a lot of nutrients for growth and development of young ear, in order to form a long spike large fruit ear. According to overseas research, when the vegetative growth late into the flower bud, leaf nitrogen content and then suddenly drop, because then need a lot of nitrogen supply using the flower bud, when the roots to absorb nitrogen from the soil can not meet the needs of nitrogen shall not be Do not transfer from tissues such as leaves and stems. At this time, heavy fertilizer can promote the maximum assimilation of the leaves and produce more organic matter for the formation and growth of young ears.
( 4 ) Banana fertilization times
Banana has the characteristics of annual growth, rapid growth and large growth. However, China's climate is characterized by high temperature and rainy weather during the best season of banana growth. After fertilizer application, it is easy to leak and volatilize. Therefore, banana fertilization must be carried out in a thin manner. The principle of re-applying in key periods.
In recent years, the number of banana fertilization in China has generally increased from the past, from 5 to 9 times a year, and 10 to 20 times. How many times a year fertilization it is appropriate, it has been made banana fertilization number of trials, the first component of the 13th Shi, Shi second component 8, the same total amount of fertilizer. Results: The first group than the second group of plant stems 15 cm high, 2.7 cm thick; a first group of mid-August before all pumping bud, a second group was early set smoked 9; the second group than the first group of output Increase by 10 %.
The fertilizer is applied in multiple times to minimize the loss, improve the utilization rate, and fully exert the fertilizer efficiency. For the banana plantation in sandy soil, the effect of fertilizer application is more obvious.
According to the above situation, we believe that the number of banana fertilization is more suitable for 12 to 15 times a year, including 5 heavy fertilizers and 7 to 10 thin fertilizers .
( 5 ) Banana fertilizer type and fertilization method
1 fertilizer type. The fertilizer applied by banana is divided into two categories: organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer.
Organic Fertilizer. Organic fertilizers are organic fertilizers, including manure and livestock excrement, poultry, animal waste, crop stems and leaves, dregs, grass ash, green manure and other organic matter of animals and plants, as well as river mud, pond mud, mud and other alluvial deposits, Contains more comprehensive nutrients. After application of organic fertilizer, the physical properties of the soil can be improved, the drainage and aeration performance of the soil can be improved, and soil humus and nutrients can be increased after decomposition by soil microorganisms. Organic fertilizer is generally used as a new planting base fertilizer or early spring fertilizer, too cold fertilizer, and easily decomposed bran fertilizer can be used as flower bud differentiation fertilizer or strong seedling fertilizer.
Inorganic fertilizer. Most of the inorganic fertilizers are chemical fertilizers with high content of elements, which can be dissolved in water or weak acid. They are easily absorbed and utilized by bananas. The fertilizer is high and fast, and it is convenient to use. But some improper use of inorganic fertilizers cause soil compaction or peracid or slightly alkaline, inorganic fertilizers and organic manure treatment, these problems can be overcome. Banana conventional inorganic fertilizers, urea nitrogen, ammonium sulfate, ammonium bicarbonate, aqueous ammonia, there superphosphate fertilizer, calcium magnesium phosphate, defluorinated phosphate powder and phosphate, potash potassium sulphate and potassium chloride. General fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, the ratio is generally 15: 15: 15 Huangpu Canada foreign banana plant BB fertilizer nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ratio of 1: 0.2: 1.33.
2 fertilization method. There are two types of banana fertilization, namely rhizosphere fertilization and root top dressing. The main application of rhizosphere fertilization, supplemented by root dressing.
Rhizosphere fertilization can be divided into liquid application and dry application, while dry application is divided into application, acupoint application and ditch application.
Liquid application. The liquid is applied by diluting the fertilizer with water, and it is ready to be used for those that are easy to dissolve. For organic fat bran, human and livestock, etc., it is necessary to use water or human and animal urine to rot and mature, and dissolve into a paste. Cover the soil after the application. The advantage of liquid application is that the fertilizer is easy to contact with the root system, easy to be absorbed without damaging the roots, and also plays an irrigation role in the drought.
Give alms. Spreading is to spread the fertilizer on the surface, usually after the rainy season and when the soil is still wet. Dry soil in dry weather should not be applied. If it is applied in the dry and dry days, it must be drenched. Applicator to spread evenly, Bi is preferably administered once a leaching water. The advantage of giving is to save labor, expand the absorption surface, and quickly see the fertilizer effect, but improper application is easy to damage the roots and waste, especially when the banana roots are easy to expose in May to July , you must control the fertilizer .
Cave application. The hole application is to dig a hole 30 to 100 cm away from the banana plant , and the depth of the hole is 15 to 23 cm (depending on the amount of fertilizer). The fertilizer is placed in the hole and covered with soil. In the case of drought, it must be fully wetted to facilitate the decomposition and melting of the fertilizer. The advantage of acupoint application is to prevent the loss of fertilizer and less fat damage, but the absorption surface is narrow, the fertilizer effect is slow, and there are many flowers. Generally used for spring fertilizer and cold fertilizer.
Ditch. Summer is 1 to 2 small arcuate groove 30 to 100 cm from the banana strain, 15 to 25 cm wide, 35 to 50 cm long, 8 to 15 cm depth, fertilizer applied uniformly in the trench, and then covered soil . The benefits of ditch application, in addition to preventing fertilizer loss and less fat damage, the absorption surface is wider than the hole, the fertilizer effect is faster than the hole application, but it is also more labor. Generally used for spring fertilizer, autumn fertilizer and cold fertilizer, it should not be used in May to July , because the fine roots of banana plants are all over the park and exposed to the ground, and the ditch is easy to damage the fine roots.
The top dressing of banana roots is to spray low-yield liquid fertilizer to the foliage or fruit surface. The advantage of top dressing is that the fertilizer is easily replaced by leaves or fruits. Rapid absorption, replenish nutrition, growth and development to meet the needs of the banana nutrients, especially to young fruit flower bud development period requires a lot of nutrients, by foliar application can replenish the nutrients they need, and to improve banana production Quality plays an important role. On the other hand, foliar spraying, fruit leaven, fertilizer absorption rate up to 90%, significantly higher than the rhizosphere fertilization. However, there are also shortcomings in the topdressing of the roots, mainly because the amount of fertilizer applied is small, and it requires multiple applications and more flowers.
The fertilizer used in the top dressing depends on the soil nutrient content, the plant deficiency and the different growth stages of the banana. Generally, urea (excluding biuret) and ternary compound fertilizer (nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium is 15). : 15 : 15 ). Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, foliar fertilizer (such as foliar treasure, etc.) and various micro-fertilizers (zinc sulfate, manganese sulfate, ferrous sulfate, borax, neutral copper sulfate, etc.). Concentration should be based on different types of fertilizer and growth of banana, as the Young (7-12 leaf stage) urea NPK 150 to 250 times, plants were grown to young fruit (to 22 leaf stage Fruit 40% meat) urea, ternary compound fertilizer is 50 ~ 100 times liquid, potassium dihydrogen phosphate is 250 ~ 350 times liquid, green Wang is 800 ~ 1000 times liquid, magnesium sulfate is 2000 times liquid, other various micro Fertilizer (zinc sulfate, etc.) is 3000 to 5000 times liquid, and foliar fertilizer containing auxin such as foliar treasure is 8000 to 10000 times liquid.
The top dressing should also pay attention to: using a sprayer with good spray performance, the fog is fine and uniform; it is best to add 0.5% of the exhibiting agent (such as neutral detergent); the spraying time is best after 4 o'clock in the afternoon . .
After years of production practice, the combination of banana rhizosphere fertilization and root topdressing has better effect than single rhizosphere fertilization, which can increase yield and improve fruit quality, especially for peel color, fruit endoplasm and storage stability. At the same time, it can save fertilizer and reduce the cost of banana production.
( 6 ) Fertilization of different cultivation of bananas
Banana cultivation time is different, target requirements are different, and the time and frequency of fertilization are also different.
1 new planting fertilizer. The new planting fertilization is different for spring planting and summer planting, and there is also a difference in banana seedlings as sucking seedlings or tissue culture seedlings. The initial fertilization of tissue culture seedlings has been mentioned before. The post-plant fertilization mentioned here is mainly sucking sprouts. Initial fertilization with liquid fertilizer.
Chun Zhi. 20 days after the planting of the spring planting banana . Start pumping raw topdressing 1 ~ 2 leaves of seedlings of new thin manure or bran or urea aqueous solution every 10 to 20 days 1, 3 to 5 times of the total applied. On re-applied once the end of the spring fertilizer to promote the growth of banana seedlings, nurturing seedlings. From July to August , the number of new leaves of the banana plant has entered the flower bud differentiation period from 22 to 24 pieces. Therefore, from July to September , the heavy fertilizer is applied twice to promote flower bud differentiation and young ear formation; between the two heavy fertilizers. Applying 3 times of thin fertilizer (during this period, fertilization not only promotes the growth of flower spikes, but also promotes the cultivation of bananas to absorb buds), and by the end of September , 85 % of the fertilizer has been applied. October 1 to 2 times and then topdressing strong fruit fertilizer, November 1 applied too cold heavy fat, laying a good foundation for the winter strong fruit and banana strains. In the 10 months of the year, the number of fertilization times was 12 to 15 times, including 5 heavy fertilizers and 7 to 10 thin fertilizers .
Xia Qiuzhi. In the first year, after planting until the winter, apply thin fertilizer 3 to 4 times to cultivate strong seedlings. In the late October , apply 1 cold and heavy fertilizer to provide nutrients in the late growth stage and enhance the wintering ability of the plants. The second year in early March Shi 1 fertilizer in early spring heavy, late vegetative growth accelerated to provide adequate nutrients for the flower bud differentiation into the period. 4 to 5 months has entered differentiation, bud differentiation should be re-applied twice fertilizer 4-6 months or 5 to 7 months, and during further three times thin fat dressing, banana strains cause early bud pumping, pumping Lei Zhuang, and provide adequate nutrients to the culture made seedlings. From August to October , it will be applied for 3 times of thin and strong fruit, and at the same time promote the growth of the banana before and after nutrition. Too cold in late October re-applied fertilizer, topdressing December before winter thin fat, is made under the late banana plants vegetative growth foundation. In the 17 months of two years, the fertilization totaled 14 to 15 times, including 5 heavy fertilizers and 9 to 10 thin fertilizers .
2 perennial single banana fertilization. The perennial banana fertilization is different from the cultivation of spring and summer bananas.
Spring and summer bananas. Heavy fertilizer applied in early spring early March 1, to accelerate the building of fruit development and banana strains when making early vegetative growth. 3 to 5 months, the application of thin fertilizer 3 times, in the end of May , heavy fertilizer 1 time, accelerate the growth of the banana plant before the nutrient . 6 to 7 months, then apply 3 times of thin fertilizer to promote the growth of the banana plant. 7 to the total number of leaf growth September 28 to 30, it marked bud differentiation has started, then re-applied fertilizer should seize 2, when promoting strain immature panicle made banana and banana sprouted made lower. 9 to 10 months to apply 1 to 2 times strong fruit. Seedlings thin fat, 10 weight end fertilizer applied too cold, then December 1 topdressing thin fat, when made of fruit development and promote the growth of pre-made banana strain nutrition. The total fertilization in the 12 months of the year was 13 to 14 times, including 5 heavy fertilizers and 8 to 9 thin fertilizers .
Being a banana. Shi heavy fertilizer in early spring early March 1st, the promotion when making banana plants growing late nutrition. From 4 to 7 months, the flower bud differentiation stage has been entered. The flower bud differentiation fertilizer should be applied twice, which promotes the differentiation of the flower buds and the cultivation of the bananas. In the same period , the thin fertilizer is applied three times between the heavy fertilizers. From August to October , it will be applied for 3 times of thin fertilizer to promote the growth of the fruit and the growth of the next season. Shi is too cold fat end of October, December 1 thin topdressing fertilizer, banana plants overwintering ability to enhance and promote the growth of late made under banana nutrition. The total fertilization was 12 times in 12 months of the year , including 5 heavy fertilizers and 7 thin fertilizers .
3 perennial more bananas for fertilization. The application of bananas in Sugen should be based on early words and foot characters.
In the first year, in addition to the base fertilizer, the new planting bananas must be topdressed early and fertilized. The annual fertilization amount is 1 / 4 to 1 / 3 more than that of single-cropped bananas , and the number of fertilization times is 2 to 4 times. In the first year after planting 10 to 20 began to chase large applied thin fat, 3 to 4 months between 4 topdressing, banana promote faster hair early strain. Early late spring 5 weight fertilizer applied once, before the accelerated growth of the mid-line banana nutrition. 5 to 6 months, the application of 2 times of thin fertilizer, accelerate the growth of banana plants in the late stage of nutrition, and promote the breeding of strong buds. Re-fertilization was carried out twice in July - September to promote the flower bud differentiation and young panicle formation of the first banana plant, and accelerate the growth of the second planting banana before and after the nutrient, and apply 3 times of thin fertilizer from August to October to promote early buds. , the strong bud, while accelerating the growth of the second manufacturing line banana, administered at the end of 10 1 fertilizer too cold, then thin fat dressing 1, first made strong fruit, banana second strain building foundation later growth nutrient, to ensure fruit Smooth wintering with banana plants. 2 to 3 months the second year of heavy fertilizer applied in early spring 1, the second acceleration created strains grown banana nutrition post, a third pumping raw promoting made strong buds. From April to June , the spring and summer fertilizers were applied twice, and the thin fertilizer was applied 3 times between the heavy fertilizers to promote the second flower bud differentiation and accelerate the growth of the third pre-nutrition. Shi thin fat July 1, making the second to promote fruit development, growth and nutritional late third made banana strains. From August to October , the application of Xiaqiu fertilizer was repeated twice. In the same period, 3 times of thin fertilizer was applied to promote the differentiation of the third banana flower bud. From November to December , the second thin fertilizer was applied to promote the third fruit development. In the first 10 months, 15 times were applied , including 5 heavy fertilizers and 10 thin fertilizers . In the second year and 12 months, 14 times were used, including 5 heavy fertilizers and 9 thin fertilizers .
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