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On the left, Wanka, the head of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, injects “e-diesel†into an Audi A8.
In cooperation with Sunfire, a new energy company in Dresden, the New Fuels Laboratory of Audi Automotive in Germany recently successfully developed a process for the production of diesel fuel using carbon dioxide and water. This new synthetic diesel technology is expected to open up a new era in atmospheric protection and resource utilization. way.
The basic principle of this "e-diesel" project is the use of electrical energy to convert liquid fuel (PtL). The raw materials are carbon dioxide and water. Its production steps are very simple: First, the water is evaporated in the boiler and the water is electrolyzed into hydrogen and oxygen at a high temperature of 800 degrees Celsius. This is an ordinary electrolyzed water technology. The electric energy used in the electrolysis process is the eco-electric energy surplus in the low-peak period of the power grid. The second step is to synthesize the hydrogen and carbon dioxide obtained by electrolysis under high temperature and high pressure to form long-chain liquid hydrocarbons. This kind of hydrocarbon called “Blue Crude†has 70% energy conversion efficiency. It is not inferior to the energy conversion efficiency of fossil fuels, and does not contain sulfur and aromatic impurities. It has the characteristics of high cetane number (indicating the self-ignition index when diesel is combusted in diesel engines) and low ignition point.
In the project's laboratory in Dresden, 160 litres of synthetic diesel can be produced daily using this new process. Although the current production is still very small, if it can achieve industrial production, the future application prospects are immeasurable. Mangold, the project leader, said that Audi's "e fuel" will be an important complement to electric vehicles. Using carbon dioxide as fuel is not only an innovation for the automotive industry, but also can be applied to other fields.
The German Federal Ministry of Education and Research gave support to this project. Wanka, the Minister of Teaching and Research, said that if this project is successful, “CO2 can be used as a raw material, which will be decisive for atmospheric protection, resource efficiency, and the road to a green economy. Contributions." (Reporter Gu Gang)
With the continuous development of drilling production, the use conditions of drilling rigs have become more and more diversified, and various types of drilling rigs have appeared accordingly. Factors affecting the type and composition of drilling rigs include drilling method, drilling depth, borehole size and drilling tool size, and drilling area conditions (such as electricity or fuel, transportation, and meteorological conditions).
1. According to drilling method
(1) Impact drilling rigs, such as wire rope impact drilling rigs (drilling rigs), vibration drilling rigs, etc.
(2) Rotary drilling rigs, such as those used in rotary drilling.
(3) Downhole power drilling tools, such as rotary drilling tools, turbo drilling tools, screw drilling tools, electric drilling tools, etc.
2. Divided by drilling depth
(1) Ultra-deep well drilling rig. It adopts a drilling rig with a diameter of 114 mm drill pipe, a nominal drilling depth range of more than 7000 meters, and a maximum hook load of more than 4,500 kN.
(2) Deep well drilling rig. The drill rod is 114 mm in diameter, the nominal drilling depth is 4000-7000 meters or more, and the maximum hook load is 2250-4500 kN or more.
(3) Drilling rigs for medium and deep wells. It adopts a drilling rig with a diameter of 114 mm drill pipe, a nominal drilling depth range of 1500-4000 meters or more, and a maximum hook load of 900-2250 kN or more.
Three, according to power equipment
(1) Diesel Engine-driven drilling rigs, which use diesel engines as power through mechanical transmission or hydraulic transmission.
(2) AC driven drilling rig, suitable for use in oil fields with industrial power grids.
(3) The drilling rig is driven by direct current, and the working unit is driven by a direct current motor.
Fourth, according to the driving mode
(1) Drive alone. Each working machine is driven by generators of different sizes, which are mostly used for electric drive. The transmission is simple and easy to install, but the power utilization rate is low and the total equipment mass is large.
(2) Unified drive. The three working units of drawworks, drilling Pump and turntable are driven by the same power unit. Most drilling rigs use this scheme. The unified drive can also include only one drilling pump, and the other drilling pump is driven separately. The unified drive drilling rig has high power utilization and can be adjusted mutually when the engine fails, but the transmission is complicated, installation and adjustment are troublesome, and the transmission efficiency is low.
(3) Group drive. The combination of power is between individual drive and unified drive. There are two options for three working machines. The power utilization rate of this kind of drilling rig is higher than that of a single drive, and the transmission ratio is simple to drive in a unified manner. Two sets of working machines can also be installed on different heights and scattered sites.
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