At present, food safety and aquaculture pollution are two major problems affecting the stable and sustainable development of feed animal husbandry. These two problems are closely related to the development of animal diseases and animal production potential. As one of the solutions to solve the above problems, feed microbes have been widely recognized in the industry. This paper gives a brief evaluation of the effects of commonly used Bacillus, yeast and lactic acid bacteria.
1 Comparison of American forage microbial species
Feed microorganisms refer only to live bacterial preparations (probiotics), ie living microorganisms, of which the most widely used are Bacillus, yeast, and lactic acid bacteria. The microorganisms allowed in the "Feeding Additives Catalogue" of the Ministry of Agriculture's Consultation Draft are: 22 kinds of lactic acid bacteria, 1 kind of Propionibacterium, 7 kinds of Bacillus, 2 kinds of yeast, 2 kinds of Aspergillus, 1 kind of photosynthetic bacteria, etc. There are five categories, including lactic acid bacteria containing 6 species of Bifidobacterium, 4 species of intestinal (streptococcus), 10 species of Lactobacillus, 2 species of Pediococcus, 6 species of Bacillus sp., and Bacillus licheniformis Clostridium oxysporum, also cited in the literature, Clostridium butyricum (only used for weaned pigs and 42-day-old broilers, short-term use) attributed to the Clostridium clostridium Clostridium. The microorganisms approved by the US FDA include Lactobacillus (13 species), Bifidobacterium (6 species), Enterococcus (2 species), Streptococcus (5 species), Leuconostoc (1 species), and tablets. Cocci (3 species), Bacillus (5 species), Lactococcus (1 species), Propionibacterium (2 species), Bacteroides (4 species), Yeast (3 species), Aspergillus There are 47 genera and genus (2 species), including Clostridium butyricum. According to the Brey bacteriological classification, the first six genera belong to the lactic acid bacteria category (one is referred to as the genus Enterococcus), and 30 of them are lactic acid bacteria.
2 Bacillus species and role evaluation
Bacillus belongs to the Bacillus licheniformis family of Bacillus licheniformis, including Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Desulfovibrio, Spores, Bacillus is currently known There are 107 species, the model organism is Bacillus subtilis, and the Bacillus sp., which is generally used as a feed additive, belongs to the genus Bacillus, namely Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus lentus, and short spores. Five species such as bacilli. Spore is a characteristic life form of Bacillus - dormant body, spore has strong resistance to heat, dryness, radiation, certain chemical disinfectants and physical and chemical factors, which may be associated with high content of pyridinium dicarboxylic acid Relatedly, if the live bacterial preparation is not present in the form of spores but in the form of vegetative forms, the resistance is greatly reduced.
2.1 Evaluation of different Bacillus
Bacillus sp. as a living bacteria, the effects of different strains are very different, from the current strains in common, there are the following differences:
2.1.1 Bacillus subtilis is the most stable, most tolerant, most active, fast implantation, and fast off, which has a certain effect on reducing the metabolic rate and energy consumption of intestinal mucosa and improving non-specific immune stress. Bacillus subtilis is the most abundant nutrient metabolite in all Bacillus, and can synthesize protease, amylase, casein, gelatinase, etc., but the ability to metabolize low molecular weight fatty acids is not as good as that of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus coagulans. - Subtilin generally acts on Gram-negative bacteria.
2.1.2 Bacillus licheniformis is the main strain for the production of gramicidin, so its ability to metabolize gramicidin is very strong, mainly affecting Gram-positive bacteria, especially for aquatic animal enteritis. The denitrification capacity of Bacillus licheniformis is higher than that of Bacillus subtilis, which is lower than that of Bacillus brevis. The short plate of Bacillus licheniformis is that nutrient metabolites are not much and not active enough. The metabolic capacity of digestive enzymes and B vitamins is much lower than that of Bacillus subtilis.
2.1.3 Bacillus coagulans, also known as Bacillus licheniformis, is the most potent of all Bacillus strains, and has the highest unit price. Although its metabolic lactic acid capacity is not as good as that of lactic acid bacteria, its tolerance is much better than the latter, Bacillus coagulans At the same time, there are some characteristic effects, such as the metabolism of coagulation can treat intestinal inflammation caused by feed mycotoxins. Some Bacillus coagulans can even decompose mycotoxins, and have strong killing ability to aquatic cyanobacteria, short of Bacillus coagulans The plate is similar to Bacillus licheniformis.
2.1.4 Bacillus lentus is one of the less studied Bacillus, its main role is to decompose mannan to produce mannooligosaccharides, and has the ability to immobilize molecular nitrogen, thereby improving the utilization of protein in the diet.
2.1.5 Bacillus brevis is stable, tolerant and recyclable. It is the most obvious species of denitrification in all Bacillus strains. For chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) in farms. The environmental purification effect of the discharge is significant, which can significantly reduce the ammonia nitrogen and nitrite content in aquaculture, but the nutritional metabolites of Bacillus brevis are not abundant, except for the synthesis of glucanase, the other metabolites are lacking.
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