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The use of mobile phone batteries has always been a problem that has plagued us. Recently, a team of engineers at Northwestern University has developed a rechargeable lithium-ion battery that actually can be charged in just 15 minutes and lasts for a week! This technology not only increases the charging speed by 10 times, but also increases the battery capacity by 10 times.
Researchers have mainly combined two chemical technologies and have broken through two major problems: storage capacity and number of charges. In addition to mobile phones and ipods, this new technology is expected to be used to invent high-efficiency, small-size electric car batteries. Researchers say that in the next 3-5 years, this type of battery may be brought to market. The current paper on this invention has been published in the Journal of Advanced Energy Materials. The U.S. Department of Energy’s Energy Frontier Research Center is also supporting this research.
Lithium ion charging is accomplished by the chemical reaction of lithium ions passing between the positive and negative ends of the battery. When the energy in the battery is used, lithium ions pass through the electrolyte and travel from the positive electrode to the negative electrode. When the battery is charging, they will move in the opposite direction again. The researchers found that the charging rate of the battery is actually hindered by the carbon layer structure: the carbon layer is very thin, only one carbon atom in diameter, but the distance from the edge of the carbon layer to the center is relatively long. When charging, lithium ions must first move along the edge of the carbon layer to enter the middle of the carbon layer. It is precisely because this process takes too long, some of the lithium ions may be stuck on the edge of the carbon layer because of "traffic congestion", so the charging time will be longer.
The team tried to replace carbon with silicon. Because silicon can accommodate more lithium atoms: each silicon atom can hold 4 lithium atoms. However, silicon expands and expands during charging, resulting in rapid power loss after splitting. They also try to stabilize the silicon, in order to maintain the maximum storage capacity, and then sandwich the silicon in the middle of the carbon layer, so that the flexibility of the silicon can be used to increase the capacity of lithium atoms in the electrode.
The researchers said: "After adding silicon, the energy density of the battery increases, and because of the swelling characteristics of silicon, the loss of energy in the carbon layer is also greatly reduced." They also used a chemical oxidation process to make an almost microscopic carbon layer. The invisible hole, named "plane gap", opens up a "shortcut" for lithium ions to enter the positive electrode, which shortens the charging time of the battery by more than 10 times. Harold H. Kong, the lead author of the paper, said: "Even if you charge more than 150 times a year or do more, the battery still has more than 5 times the energy of lithium batteries on the market."
However, this research is entirely directed at the positive electrode of the battery. Researchers will also work on the negative electrode to further improve the efficiency of the battery. They also studied the developing electrolyte system discipline and hoped that the battery could automatically stop working in a high temperature environment.
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