1 cottonseed cake poisoning
Cottonseed cake contains gossypol (toxic substances), and the toxicity is increased after fever and mildew. Pigs are very sensitive to gossypol and are prone to acute or chronic poisoning. They are characterized by hydrothorax and pleural effusion, partial organ and lymph node congestion, anemia, difficulty breathing, decreased reproductive capacity, and even death. Cottonseed meal must use detoxification. China's feed hygiene standards stipulate that the content of free gossypol in feed should be less than 1200 mg / kg. The content of gossypol produced by different oil extraction methods is different. The free gossypol content of the screw press is 680 mg/kg, the extracting amount is 437 mg/kg, and the soil method is as high as 1580 mg/kg.
In addition to selecting a reasonable oil extraction method, the following measures can also prevent pig gossypol poisoning. 1 Limit the amount of feed. The content of cottonseed cake in pig feed should not exceed 4%-5%. In absolute terms, the adult pigs should not feed more than 200 grams per day; the pregnant sows should be stopped 10 days before the litter, and the feeds should be gradually restored 2 weeks after birth; the daily feeding of 3 months old pigs should not exceed 100 grams; Feeding no more than 150 grams per day above the age; no more than 200 grams of fattening pigs per day. 2 keep the feed full price. If the feed is not full price, especially lack of vitamin A and calcium, it is easy to take gossypol poisoning. 3 add water and boil for 1-2 hours. If 10% of other flour feeds are added and boiled at the same time, the attenuation effect is better. 4 Soak for 1 day with 2%-3% lime water or 1% alkaline aqueous solution, then rinse with water. 5 Soaked with aqueous ferrous sulfate solution. When immersing 1% ferrous sulfate in aqueous solution, 1.25 kg of industrial ferrous sulfate is dissolved in 125 kg of water, soaking 50 kg of cottonseed cake, stirring in the middle several times, one day and night.
In addition to gossypol, the cottonseed cake contains 3.05-3.1 mg/kg of tannin and 1.61%-1.82% of phytic acid. After the cottonseed cake was treated with phytase, not only the utilization rate of phosphorus was increased, but also the utilization rate of crude protein, amino acid and some metal ions was improved. The daily dose of detoxified cottonseed cake can not be too large. If gossypol poisoning occurs, you can use 5% baking soda to wash the stomach. If the gastrointestinal contents are high and the gastroenteritis is serious, you can take 5-10 grams of sulfamethicone.
2 rapeseed cake poisoning
Rapeseed cake contains 34.4%-41.8% crude protein, less lysine and more methionine. The disadvantage of rapeseed cake is that it contains anti-nutritional factors such as sinapic acid, glucosinolate, tannin and phytic acid. Sulfur glucosinolate itself is non-toxic, but under certain humidity and temperature conditions, it is hydrolyzed to produce toxic isothiocyanate and oxazolidine thione, causing porcine goiter, gastroenteritis and nephritis, inhibiting growth, affecting mother Pig breeding, too much feeding can even lead to death. Mustardic acid has a strong spicy taste, is irritating to the gastrointestinal tract, and has poor palatability. It is not suitable for feeding piglets. The content of glucosinolates in different varieties of rapeseed meal was decreased in the order of cabbage, mustard and cabbage. China's national standard stipulates that the isothiocyanate in the rapeseed meal should not exceed 4000 mg / kg, and the mixed feed should not exceed 500 mg / kg.
The detoxification methods that are practical and simple to operate are the boiling method and the soil embedding method. The boiled method is to crush the rapeseed cake and boil it for 0.5-1 hour. The method of soil burying is to crush the rapeseed cake into noodles, mix it with 1:1 water, place it in the pit, seal the soil tightly, and it can be activated after 2 months. The detoxification rate can reach over 89%, while the protein The loss rate is only 3%-8%, which can reduce the amount of residual poison to the allowable standard. There are rapeseed meal detoxification agents sold in the domestic market, which is suitable for use with feed.
The amount of rapeseed cake in the feed is controlled within 10%. After poisoning, 0.5%-1% citrate solution can be used for gastric lavage; 100g of licorice can be used for water decoction, and 150g of vinegar can be added, once orally.
3 mildew corn poisoning
The white fluff grown by the moldy corn is Fusarium, and the green fluff is Aspergillus flavus. Most molds and the toxins produced by them are toxic substances, which can cause poisoning. Moldy corn is strictly forbidden to feed pigs. If it is not used, it must be treated. The treatment is to put the moldy corn mill into the tank, add water to stir, precipitate, float the moldy corn above, add water to stir, precipitate, repeat 3-5 times, until the mold corn is washed away, the remaining corn Dried, can be mixed with other feeds for feeding. Pigs that have been poisoned, take or wash the stomach with potassium permanganate solution, and then take 25-50 g of sodium sulfate.
[NextPage]4 castor seed cake poisoning
Castor bean cake, ramie whole plant and seeds have ricin, which can be poisoned after eating, and detoxification before use. Detoxification is to cook the crushed castor cake for 2 hours, or to add the crushed castor cake to 10% saline solution in a ratio of 1:6, soak for 6-10 hours, discard the soaking water and feed. Once poisoning occurs, stop feeding immediately and use a laxative to remove the poison.
5 potato poisoning
The germinated potato contains solanine, the spoiled and moldy potato contains spoilage toxins, which can cause poisoning when used in large quantities. The above potatoes are strictly prohibited from feeding pigs. The fresh buds, stems and buds of the potato also contain nitrates, and should not be fed too much, otherwise it will cause poisoning. High-quality potato pieces are fed to pigs. The buds and buds on the green-green skin are removed. After cooking, the residual water is discarded. It can also be sliced ​​or dried and smashed, which not only reduces toxicity but also improves digestibility. In the event of potato poisoning, the stomach should be washed immediately with 0.1% potassium permanganate or 5% hydrogen peroxide. In severe cases, 10-10 ml of 10% sodium plus solution can be injected.
6 salt poisoning
In pig compound feed , 0.25%-0.4% salt is generally added to ensure the need of sodium and chlorine, stimulate appetite and improve palatability. If the amount of salt added is too large, it may cause poisoning. Pay special attention when the feed contains pickled slag, high-salt fish meal and dried shrimp meal. If an adult pig eats more than 50 grams of salt once, it will cause poisoning and 100-250 grams will cause death. Immediately after poisoning, stop feeding the feed with too much salt; in the initial stage of poisoning, use emetic agent such as copper sulfate, while washing the stomach with 0.5%-1% tannic acid, and enema with 200 g of vinegar.
7 green feed poisoning
Green fodder such as cabbage, radish leaves, beets, and wild leek contains nitrate. Some farmers are accustomed to put cabbage and other green fodder in the pot for cooking overnight, and the next day is used to feed pigs, often with poisoned dead pigs. In addition, pigs are also poisoned by feeding the pigs with long-term stacked green cabbage such as rotten cabbage and beet leaves. Sudden onset soon after pig food, madness, foaming at the mouth, sometimes vomiting, turning circles, more serious people can not stand after falling; normal or slightly lower body temperature, cold ears; mucous membrane and skin are initially grayish white, then become blue-purple . This is due to the fact that the nitrate salt becomes highly toxic nitrite at a temperature of 40-60 ° C for 6-8 hours. It is recommended that green fodder and other green fodder be fed. If the green fodder with bad taste must be boiled, it should be cooled immediately after being boiled, and then put into the tank. Never leave it in the pot overnight. Pigs that have been poisoned are immediately cut to the tip of the ear and the tip of the tail is bled; the poisoned light can be filled with 5-10 egg whites, 0.5 kg of soy milk or milk; 50-100 g of mung beans can be used, 50 g of licorice is decoction; - 1000 ml intraperitoneal injection.
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