The short growth cycle and fast growth rate of meat ducks have become one of the important sources of rapid growth of poultry meat in China. Its “short, flat and fast†economic benefit model has made the sales competition of adult ducks increasingly fierce. The uniformity of the feathers of the duck feathers, the length of the wings, the gloss, the fullness, and the cleanliness of the hair removal all affect the commercial value of the products, and each of the feathers of the ducks has different benefits in different varieties and weights in the current market. If the weight of adult ducks reaches the market standard and the growth of feathers is too slow, the time to market will be greatly delayed, the cost and risk of breeding will be increased, and the breeding efficiency will be reduced.
The common feather growth problems of meat ducks are as follows: 1 Feather incompleteness, hair loss due to blemishes, skin ulceration at the broken parts, or hair loss and nudity. 2 The new feather roots of the subsequent growth of the duck are coarse and hard, and it is not easy to pull the hair during slaughter. 3 The weight reached the market standard, but the feather growth rate was slow, not yet long or did not meet the slaughter requirements. The problem of duck feather growth affects the growth of ducks and increases the cost of consumption and control. The main factors causing the above problems are: 1 insufficient feed nutrients or unbalanced nutritional mix; 2 improper management of feeding; 3 disease factors. Based on the investigation of meat duck production in Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong and other places, the author analyzes the nutrition factors based on his own work experience and proposes corresponding improvement measures.
1 energy
The meat duck has the function of “compensating for growthâ€, so the level of feed energy will only have a greater impact on its feed intake, which will bring unnecessary trouble to the preparation of feed and increase the difficulty of balancing various nutrients. Lead to nutritional deficiencies or waste.
2 crude protein and amino acid
The meat duck is a kind of poultry that is resistant to rough feeding. The demand for protein is not too high. According to the author's work experience, the crude duck protein content of the ducklings can be 17%-19%. The big duck feed has certain differences depending on the variety, cherry. The meat duck (listed around 42 days old), the half-buffed duck, the whole meat duck (55-70 days old), the crude protein level is 15%-17%, and the four-pointed duck (35-45 days old) 14 %-16%, egg ducks (50-60 days old), Ji'an red-haired ducks and other meat ducks (50-60 days old) used for making ducks and sauce ducks 12%-15%. Due to cost pressure, meat duck feed is generally corn-hetero-type or wheat-hybrid, in which soybean meal and fish meal are used in addition to duckling feed, and other stages of meat duck feed are used less. When using various miscellaneous or new raw materials in feed, it is necessary to accurately grasp the available protein and energy level, and ensure that the source and origin of the raw materials are relatively fixed, so as to avoid nutrient imbalance due to excessive difference in raw material batches, resulting in methionine, Essential amino acids such as lysine cannot meet the growth needs. The study found that the basic diet of the 15-45-day-old four-pointed duck was the same, and the methionine levels were 0.30%, 0.35%, and 0.40%, respectively. With the increase of methionine content, the length of the feathers and the weight of the positive feathers were positive and positive. Feather length was significantly increased (P <0.05). The ratio of feed energy to egg is too high, which may cause hair loss. If it is too low, it may cause hair loss. The protein level of the feed is insufficient or the utilization rate is not high, resulting in insufficient or unbalanced amino acid content. The feather growth of the meat duck will be slow, and the growth of the meat duck will be unsatisfactory. Therefore, in the preparation of meat duck feed, the protein and amino acid levels are adjusted according to different energy levels, and fine-tuned according to the season and the batch and source of the raw materials.
3 vitamins
The vitamins in the feed are mainly exogenously added, except for a part of the raw material. The most influential on the growth of meat duck feathers is vitamin A, pantothenic acid, niacin, etc. These microbial deficiencies can cause feathers to be unkempt, shedding, sparse, and even lesions. In general, the feed does not suffer from vitamin deficiency, because in addition to consideration in feed preparation, many duck farmers will add multi-dimensional health care during the feeding process. It is worth noting that if the core premix or vitamins of the feed manufacturer are from other manufacturers, the quality and content must be carefully examined, including shelf life, effective content, production qualification, and preservation environment. Feather-related problems due to vitamins can be solved by exogenous vitamins, water, and other ingredients. In the case of seasonal changes or stress, the amount of various vitamins must be adjusted accordingly. Lincheng and other experiments found that using the same basic feed and energy levels, high-vitamin, low-amino acid, low-mineral group of halved ducks had the fastest feather growth, high amino acid and high-mineral nutrient levels may be antagonistic, used for feather growth. The material synthesis is affected.
4 crude fiber
Appropriate crude fiber content has certain advantages for the growth of meat duck feathers. Insufficient crude fiber content will lead to the occurrence of feathers and the like. The crude fiber level should be designed according to the breed of the meat duck and the age of the market. For large meat ducks such as Cherry Valley Meat Duck, Muscovy Duck, and Muscovy Duck, the feathers have basically developed completely at the time of market. In the second stage of moulting, there is no need to deliberately pursue feather growth, considering the growth rate and market weight. The crude fiber level is generally controlled at about 4%. For small meat ducks such as egg ducks, four-pointed ducks, ducks, etc., although the age of the market is not small, but because of their small size (about 1-2kg), basically sell live ducks to consumers or need Manual slaughtering and plucking for subsequent processing. If the feathers are not up to the requirements, the shape and cleanliness of the hair removal will be affected, reducing the slaughter efficiency and affecting sales. These types of meat ducks can be appropriately added to the crude fiber content in the feed preparation, preferably 5%-8%, and can use wheat bran, whole fat rice bran, beer lees, white distiller's grains, reeds, etc. raw material. The specific use of these raw materials must match the duck variety and the basic diet ingredients, otherwise it will lead to problems such as low production efficiency and high powder content, and should be combined with the quality of other raw materials to avoid the meat duck feathers reaching the market requirements and weight. Insufficient circumstances have occurred. Generally, the growth rate of large meat ducks is much higher than that of meat ducks with slow growth rate. In addition to the genetic factors of meat ducks, it also has a certain relationship with the crude fiber level of feed.
5 minerals
Although minerals account for a small proportion of feed, the role is crucial. Calcium and phosphorus are abundant in source and cheap, and some manufacturers often add excessive amounts. The imbalance of calcium and phosphorus will reduce the utilization of zinc in meat ducks, resulting in the growth of meat duck feathers. Zinc is involved in a series of physiological and biochemical processes and is a component of many enzymes. Zinc deficiency can cause feathers to fall off, underdeveloped and feathers. The lack of selenium can cause poor growth of feathers. The feed generally contains 0.1-0.2 mg/kg of selenium. If it exceeds 5 mg/kg, the feathers will be fluffy. Sodium and chlorine are the main elements for maintaining osmotic pressure, acid-base balance and ion balance in the body. If it is lacking, it will lead to poor feather growth, especially the mane phenomenon. Yan Mingren once tested the meat ducks used for the preparation of ducks. It was found that the addition of 1% sodium sulfate and 2% sodium silicate to the feed had a certain promoting effect on feather growth, which was beneficial to improve the competitiveness of the duck products. Silicon accounts for 77% of the total inorganic matter of the feathers. The reason for using rice fattening to promote feather growth in the later stage of growth is that the chaff is rich in silicon, which is one of the reasons for using some of the higher raw materials in the feed preparation. After the feed provides enough sulfur-containing amino acids for the meat duck to produce, the excess sulfur-containing amino acids are used for the development of the feathers and form part of the feathers. If the content of copper sulphate is too high, the demand for sulfur-containing amino acids in meat ducks will increase, which not only increases the cost but also deteriorates feather development. Generally, there is relatively little mineral deficiency. If there is a shortage of minerals, the feather problem can be treated as follows: In the absence of salt, 0.5%-1.0% salt can be added to the 1-2d feed, enough water is given, then Then drop to the normal level of 0.3% -0.5%; when the sulfur is lacking, you can add 1% - 2% feather powder or 1% - 2% gypsum powder in the feed while maintaining the balance of calcium and phosphorus.
6 raw material quality
Mildew of the finished feed or mildew of the raw materials will hinder the growth of the feathers of the meat duck, fluffy and dull. Mycotoxins reduce the absorption and utilization of nutrients in feed by meat ducks, as well as feed intake. Mycotoxins can cause changes in the content of nutrients in feeds (raw materials), a decrease in energy value, and a change in the structure of amino acids and vitamins. Raw materials contaminated with toxic and hazardous substances cannot be used for the preparation of meat duck feeds, so as to avoid poisoning or causing adverse reactions in meat ducks. The use of cotton aphid in meat duck feed should be adjusted according to the quality. When the content of gossypol is high, it is easy to cause feathers. Therefore, moldy feed and raw materials should not be used for feeding ducks, so as to avoid unnecessary economic losses.
7 feeding mode
Meat duck farming usually has three ways of raising the net, raising the ground, and raising the cage. The online raising and the ground level are mostly raised, and the cage raising method is rare. The ground level is divided into ground arid and surface culture (more common in the water-rich areas of East China and South China). These kinds of feeding methods have the best quality of feathers cultured on the surface of the water. The performance is high overall, the color is bright, the feathers are plump, and the net is the worst. The growth is the fastest on the Internet and the lowest consumption. The same feed is used in different feeding modes and will have different feather growth results. In actual production, in addition to the slow growth of feathers, the meat-bred ducks on the surface of the water have fewer problems related to feathers, and there are relatively many phenomena such as plume and hair loss on the ground and on the ground. It is about 0.1-0.2 higher than the same age on the Internet. Therefore, for different feeding modes, it is necessary to adjust the amino acid levels and other nutrients to ensure that the meat ducks can feed various nutrients that satisfy their own growth and feather growth.
8 Conclusion
The nutritional factors affecting the growth of meat duck feathers are controllable and can be solved through nutritional regulation. As a feed manufacturer, it should be considered in many aspects in formula design to avoid product defects caused by design errors. If the same batch or the same formula feeds the customer complaints or feather growth in the feathers in some places, it is generally caused by feeding management or disease, and symptomatic treatment should be carried out according to the actual situation. If there are more customer complaints or feather growth problems caused by unmanaged and disease, the feed should be replaced first, and then the cause should be analyzed. Check the conventional indicators of feed, such as protein, calcium, phosphorus, crude fiber, etc., to find out whether the design value is reasonable, whether the measured value meets the requirements, and then trace the raw materials and track the use of vitamins and minerals in the premix. Level analysis and troubleshooting, according to different reasons to take appropriate improvement measures.
Smart Ceiling Fan,Intelligence Ceiling Fan,Five Blades Ceiling Fan,5 Blades Ceiling Fan
Jiangmen MagicPower Electrical Appliances Co.,Ltd. , https://www.mpceilingfans.com