First, the principle of potato fertilization
The growth period of potato cultivation in our city is generally 120-130 days. It was observed that the seedlings appeared 30 days after sowing, and the buds bloomed after 60 days. The potato requires the most potassium for the three elements in life, followed by nitrogen and less phosphorus. The flowering period of the bud is the peak of absorption. For each 500 kg of tubers produced, it is necessary to absorb 2.5-3.0 kg of nitrogen, 1 kg of phosphorus, and 4-5 kg ​​of potassium. According to the growth law of potato, we put forward the principle of fertilization in the pre-promotion, middle control and post-protection. In the early stage, the potato should be as early as possible to produce fast-growing, multi-branched, and form a certain high-yield seedling frame. 90% of the fertilizer will be applied within 60 days after emergence; the mid-term control of stem and leaf growth will not allow it to grow wild, prompting it to be transferred into the underground tubers to form and expand, and the leaf color can not be prematurely yellowed in the later stage to maintain the photosynthesis efficiency of the leaves; More nutrients are produced for underground tubers to expand. Potash is mainly applied to fertilization, and nitrogen fertilizer is appropriately applied. The fertilizer should be completely applied 30 days from the harvest period.
Second, according to the output, soil fertility level
Potato fertilization levels should be determined based on soil fertility, fertilization capacity, and yield indicators. The potato varieties planted in Longhai City are mainly toxic and purple 851, and the highest yield can reach 2500 kg. The soil to be planted is generally muddy and muddy fields. According to routine tests, the soil organic matter content is 25-40 g/kg, total nitrogen is 0.8-2.0 g/kg; hydrolyzable nitrogen is 100-200 mg/kg; effective phosphorus 10- 20 mg / kg; quick-acting potassium 80-150 mg / kg. Higher ground power lays a good foundation for high production and stable production. From 2001 to 2002, we conducted a fixed-point survey of 50 large-scale seed potatoes and a three-year balanced fertilization test at the soil and fertilizer station. The best ratio of the three elements was N based on the application of 2500 kg of mushroom soil per mu and 150 kg of straw. :P2O5: K2O is 1:0.4:1.2, the amount of nitrogen applied to the muddy field is 16 kg, the output can reach 2000-2200 kg; the field of gray mud, gray sand or other fertile soil is 12-14 kg of pure nitrogen. 1800-2000 kg.
Third, according to the characteristics of fertilizer absorption, fertilization measures
(1) Applying sufficient base fertilizer
Potato fertilization is based on base fertilizer, which generally accounts for 60%-70% of the total fertilizer. By applying the base fertilizer, the yield can be increased by 5%-8%. The base fertilizer is applied in combination with soil preparation or soil covering. After sowing, it is covered with 2000-2500 kg of mushroom soil per acre, and then covered with 150 kg of straw. After 3 days, the total fertilization amount of 50% of nitrogen fertilizer, 40% of potash fertilizer and 100% of phosphate fertilizer were applied, and 2 kilograms of sulfur was applied per acre at the same time. The fertilization method was mainly applied to the strip, and then the soil was covered. The city cultivates 6 million square meters of mushrooms every year. The mushroom soil organic fertilizer has a wide source, convenient materials and full nutrients. It is an ideal potato organic fertilizer and cover material. Covering with straw not only increases the permeability of the soil, but also makes the surface of the formed potato cake smooth and shiny, improves the appearance of the potato, and increases the organic matter content of the soil after decay.
(2) Early application of top dressing
Nitrogen fertilizer should not be too late in topdressing, especially in the later stage, to avoid the growth of stems and leaves and affect tuber swelling and quality. In the middle and late period, potassium fertilizer is the main method. It can be divided into 2-3 times of application. When the seedlings are used, the first top dressing is carried out to promote early growth and increase the photosynthesis area. At this time, nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 30% of the nitrogen application rate, and potassium fertilizer accounts for 20% of the total potassium application. The water is applied to the water, and the shallow water layer is left at the bottom of the ditch, and should be drained immediately after application. At the time of the bud, the second top dressing is carried out to promote the continuous growth of the stems and leaves, and increase the area of ​​photosynthesis, which is conducive to the expansion of the tuber. This top dressing is generally applied to 20% of total nitrogen application and 40% of total potassium application. The top dressing should be carried out in the afternoon. The fertilizer should be prevented from being stained with the leaves. Immediately after the application of the fertilizer, the water should be sprayed to accelerate the dissolution of the fertilizer, and the blade should be cleaned. The experiment showed that the increase of potassium fertilizer in the late stage could not only increase the yield by 3%-6%, but also increase the commodity authentic rate by 2%-3% compared with the control. After the seedling fertilization, the per mu of the seedling potential should be supplemented with 4-5 kg ​​of imported compound fertilizer.
(3) Appropriate root dressing
Potatoes require a large amount of medium and trace elements such as calcium, magnesium and sulfur. In order to improve the quality, it can be combined with pest control to carry out root dressing. The mu is sprayed with 200 g of 400 g of high-grade foliar fertilizer, and the high-nitrogen type is used in the early stage. In order to increase the chlorophyll content and improve the photosynthesis efficiency, the high-potassium type is sprayed once every 7-10 days to prevent premature aging and accelerate the accumulation of starch.
Fourth, according to the growth period, select fertilizer varieties
Applying the base fertilizer can promote the flourishing of the early stage of the potato and the development of the root system. Generally used fertilizer: nitrogen fertilizer is mainly based on urea. The urea is mild and not easy to burn the seedlings and roots. After being applied to the soil, it needs to be decomposed and converted into ammonium bicarbonate before being absorbed by the crop. Phosphate fertilizer is suitable for superphosphate. It not only contains phosphorus, but also contains medium elements such as sulfur and calcium. Potassium fertilizer uses potassium chloride. When fertilizing, three kinds of fertilizers can be mixed together and applied to the sputum.
The first top dressing can be carried out by using ammonium bicarbonate plus superphosphate to apply water. When fertilizing, the ammonium bicarbonate should be fully dissolved to avoid excessively high concentration of the bottom of the barrel to burn the leaves. In the middle and late stages, urea, potassium chloride or imported compound fertilizer is used in combination.
At present, most farmers use imported compound fertilizers in the selection of fertilizers. The whole cultivation process uses imported compound fertilizers with a nitrogen:phosphorus:potassium ratio of 16:16:16. Although the imported compound fertilizer has high efficiency and is easy to use. However, the price is higher, the production cost is increased, and the ratio is unreasonable. In particular, the phosphorus content is too high, and the crop absorption is not completely retained in the soil, causing waste and polluting the environment.
The growth period of potato cultivation in our city is generally 120-130 days. It was observed that the seedlings appeared 30 days after sowing, and the buds bloomed after 60 days. The potato requires the most potassium for the three elements in life, followed by nitrogen and less phosphorus. The flowering period of the bud is the peak of absorption. For each 500 kg of tubers produced, it is necessary to absorb 2.5-3.0 kg of nitrogen, 1 kg of phosphorus, and 4-5 kg ​​of potassium. According to the growth law of potato, we put forward the principle of fertilization in the pre-promotion, middle control and post-protection. In the early stage, the potato should be as early as possible to produce fast-growing, multi-branched, and form a certain high-yield seedling frame. 90% of the fertilizer will be applied within 60 days after emergence; the mid-term control of stem and leaf growth will not allow it to grow wild, prompting it to be transferred into the underground tubers to form and expand, and the leaf color can not be prematurely yellowed in the later stage to maintain the photosynthesis efficiency of the leaves; More nutrients are produced for underground tubers to expand. Potash is mainly applied to fertilization, and nitrogen fertilizer is appropriately applied. The fertilizer should be completely applied 30 days from the harvest period.
Second, according to the output, soil fertility level
Potato fertilization levels should be determined based on soil fertility, fertilization capacity, and yield indicators. The potato varieties planted in Longhai City are mainly toxic and purple 851, and the highest yield can reach 2500 kg. The soil to be planted is generally muddy and muddy fields. According to routine tests, the soil organic matter content is 25-40 g/kg, total nitrogen is 0.8-2.0 g/kg; hydrolyzable nitrogen is 100-200 mg/kg; effective phosphorus 10- 20 mg / kg; quick-acting potassium 80-150 mg / kg. Higher ground power lays a good foundation for high production and stable production. From 2001 to 2002, we conducted a fixed-point survey of 50 large-scale seed potatoes and a three-year balanced fertilization test at the soil and fertilizer station. The best ratio of the three elements was N based on the application of 2500 kg of mushroom soil per mu and 150 kg of straw. :P2O5: K2O is 1:0.4:1.2, the amount of nitrogen applied to the muddy field is 16 kg, the output can reach 2000-2200 kg; the field of gray mud, gray sand or other fertile soil is 12-14 kg of pure nitrogen. 1800-2000 kg.
Third, according to the characteristics of fertilizer absorption, fertilization measures
(1) Applying sufficient base fertilizer
Potato fertilization is based on base fertilizer, which generally accounts for 60%-70% of the total fertilizer. By applying the base fertilizer, the yield can be increased by 5%-8%. The base fertilizer is applied in combination with soil preparation or soil covering. After sowing, it is covered with 2000-2500 kg of mushroom soil per acre, and then covered with 150 kg of straw. After 3 days, the total fertilization amount of 50% of nitrogen fertilizer, 40% of potash fertilizer and 100% of phosphate fertilizer were applied, and 2 kilograms of sulfur was applied per acre at the same time. The fertilization method was mainly applied to the strip, and then the soil was covered. The city cultivates 6 million square meters of mushrooms every year. The mushroom soil organic fertilizer has a wide source, convenient materials and full nutrients. It is an ideal potato organic fertilizer and cover material. Covering with straw not only increases the permeability of the soil, but also makes the surface of the formed potato cake smooth and shiny, improves the appearance of the potato, and increases the organic matter content of the soil after decay.
(2) Early application of top dressing
Nitrogen fertilizer should not be too late in topdressing, especially in the later stage, to avoid the growth of stems and leaves and affect tuber swelling and quality. In the middle and late period, potassium fertilizer is the main method. It can be divided into 2-3 times of application. When the seedlings are used, the first top dressing is carried out to promote early growth and increase the photosynthesis area. At this time, nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 30% of the nitrogen application rate, and potassium fertilizer accounts for 20% of the total potassium application. The water is applied to the water, and the shallow water layer is left at the bottom of the ditch, and should be drained immediately after application. At the time of the bud, the second top dressing is carried out to promote the continuous growth of the stems and leaves, and increase the area of ​​photosynthesis, which is conducive to the expansion of the tuber. This top dressing is generally applied to 20% of total nitrogen application and 40% of total potassium application. The top dressing should be carried out in the afternoon. The fertilizer should be prevented from being stained with the leaves. Immediately after the application of the fertilizer, the water should be sprayed to accelerate the dissolution of the fertilizer, and the blade should be cleaned. The experiment showed that the increase of potassium fertilizer in the late stage could not only increase the yield by 3%-6%, but also increase the commodity authentic rate by 2%-3% compared with the control. After the seedling fertilization, the per mu of the seedling potential should be supplemented with 4-5 kg ​​of imported compound fertilizer.
(3) Appropriate root dressing
Potatoes require a large amount of medium and trace elements such as calcium, magnesium and sulfur. In order to improve the quality, it can be combined with pest control to carry out root dressing. The mu is sprayed with 200 g of 400 g of high-grade foliar fertilizer, and the high-nitrogen type is used in the early stage. In order to increase the chlorophyll content and improve the photosynthesis efficiency, the high-potassium type is sprayed once every 7-10 days to prevent premature aging and accelerate the accumulation of starch.
Fourth, according to the growth period, select fertilizer varieties
Applying the base fertilizer can promote the flourishing of the early stage of the potato and the development of the root system. Generally used fertilizer: nitrogen fertilizer is mainly based on urea. The urea is mild and not easy to burn the seedlings and roots. After being applied to the soil, it needs to be decomposed and converted into ammonium bicarbonate before being absorbed by the crop. Phosphate fertilizer is suitable for superphosphate. It not only contains phosphorus, but also contains medium elements such as sulfur and calcium. Potassium fertilizer uses potassium chloride. When fertilizing, three kinds of fertilizers can be mixed together and applied to the sputum.
The first top dressing can be carried out by using ammonium bicarbonate plus superphosphate to apply water. When fertilizing, the ammonium bicarbonate should be fully dissolved to avoid excessively high concentration of the bottom of the barrel to burn the leaves. In the middle and late stages, urea, potassium chloride or imported compound fertilizer is used in combination.
At present, most farmers use imported compound fertilizers in the selection of fertilizers. The whole cultivation process uses imported compound fertilizers with a nitrogen:phosphorus:potassium ratio of 16:16:16. Although the imported compound fertilizer has high efficiency and is easy to use. However, the price is higher, the production cost is increased, and the ratio is unreasonable. In particular, the phosphorus content is too high, and the crop absorption is not completely retained in the soil, causing waste and polluting the environment.
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